POTENTIAL VORTICES

Question: What is wrong with the current laws of physics and what is new?

Answer: The fact of the matter is that the system we call "radio" is where much of our practical experience with electromagnetic fields lies.  If we can understand more precisely the various phenomena related to the operation of radio transmitters, transmission lines, antennas, and radio receivers, then this knowledge can be carried over to the operation of Tesla coils and their use for wireless transmission.

Consider this proposition: There are differences between the wave equation according to Laplace and the wave equation according to Maxwell that result in an inconsistency.  In the Laplace equation Maxwell's damping term is missing while the divergence E factor does appear.  From the comparison of coefficients of both wave descriptions, mathematically, Maxwell's damping term can be seen to correspond to Laplace's divergence E factor.

In the physical example of a radio antenna, induced eddy currents in the conductor are known to be associated with broad-band radio-frequency noise.  As long as the wave equation according to Laplace is used while adhering to Maxwell's theory at the same time, this can be easily explained.  The problem arises in the way that Maxwell's equations alone handle the E-field in the dielectric or air directly adjacent to the circulating eddy currents.  While the motion of the eddy currents is described as being rotational, the associated E-field is not described by Maxwell as being rotational.  A contradiction arises because the antenna noise exists in the region adjacent to the conductor, but if the Maxwell description is applied, then the antenna noise cannot exist.  This contradicts actual experience, since measurements show that all antennas do produce some noise.

Maxwell's equations dictate that as the reason for wave damping only E-field vortices should be considered, but the equations just describe the eddy currents that occur in the electrically conducting parts of the antenna.

In regards to divergence phenomena in dielectrics:
1. Noise is factored out of the Maxwell-derived field theory.
2. The noise part in the wave equation has to be put to zero (div E = 0).
3. The wave descriptions according to Maxwell and according to Laplace are inconsistent and contradictory
4. The dielectric losses of an antenna cannot be found physically nor calculated with the Maxwell-derived wave equation.
5. Also the dielectric losses of a capacitor are not identified as eddy current losses. (The present interpretation is that these losses are the result of defects in the insulating material).
6. That capacitor losses correspond to a generated noise power is not identified.
7. The dielectric constant E (epsilon) has to be written down in a complex form to explain the occurring losses, resulting in an inner contradiction that is hidden in a complex constant.

Let's say the efficiency of a radio transmitter's antenna is 80%, with that amount of power fed into the antenna and transformed into radio waves.  In this case, 20 percent of the transmitter output power is accounted for as loss. The question arises, "of what do those 20% consist?"

The usual answer is the antenna wire gets hot and the air around it is heated by dielectric losses.  This interpretation is not in harmony with Maxwell's equations, which describe the antenna loss as resulting directly from a damping of the transverse wave.  A problem arises because the damping term of the derived field equation of a damped transverse wave does not describe a thermodynamics process.

"Mathematically seen the damping term describes vortices of the electromagnetic field.  This term, for instance, forms the basis of all eddy current calculations." [Meyl, K., Wirbelströme, Diss. Uni. Stuttgart 1984, INDEL Verlagsabt.]

"In the course of time a substantial part of the generated vortices will fall apart . . . [producing] eddy losses in form of heat.  [It cannot be assumed] that all vortices spontaneously fall apart and a total conversion into heat will take place.  The process . . . takes place with a temporal delay.  The time constant T (tau) gives information in this respect.  Field energy is buffered in the vortex, where some vortices live very long and it can't be ruled out that a few even exist as long as you like." [Meyl, Konstantin, Skalarwellen und die technische, biologische wie historische Nutzung longitudinaler Wellen und Wirbel, Indel, 2003]